**Ethylene Cold Box** The plate-fin heat exchanger is a critical component in the ethylene production process. A 800,000-ton-per-year ethylene cracker typically requires around 20 such units. The Hangzhou Oxygen Machinery Factory has successfully adopted the design technology and key manufacturing equipment from the American SW Company, significantly improving its design standards and production capabilities to match international benchmarks. To date, the company has designed and manufactured over 10 sets of ethylene cold boxes. This indicates that China now has the foundational capability to produce large-scale ethylene cold boxes for plants with capacities ranging from 800,000 to 1 million tons per year. The next step is to develop a cold box capable of handling a design pressure of 8 MPa, which will further enhance domestic competitiveness in this field. **Polymerization Reactor** Domestic design of tower gas-phase reactors remains challenging. However, foreign-designed 250,000-ton polyethylene gas-phase reactors have been successfully implemented in projects like the Shanghai and Yangtze 700,000-ton ethylene transformation project. For low-density polyethylene, ultra-high-pressure tubular reactors operate at pressures up to 345 MPa and temperatures of 315°C. Manufacturing these units involves complex processes such as cold bending, thermal setting, stress relief heat treatment, fatigue self-reinforcement, and precise pipe-end cutting. These technologies are still not fully mastered domestically. Despite this, China has already produced 200,000-ton ultra-high-pressure polyethylene pipe reactors for use in Yanshan’s 700,000-ton ethylene project. Meanwhile, loop reactors for polypropylene plants are entirely designed and manufactured domestically. However, challenges remain in producing large-diameter pipes, particularly in terms of wall thickness tolerance and elliptical accuracy, which require further research. **Extrusion Granulation Unit** Large extrusion granulation units must achieve a capacity of over 50 tons per hour, equivalent to 300,000 to 400,000 tons per year. These systems are extremely complex to design and manufacture. Currently, only a few companies—such as Germany’s WP, Japan’s steel and Kobe Steel, and the U.S.’s Farrell—possess the full expertise in design, production, installation, and commissioning. In China, several 70,000-ton extruders have been built through foreign collaboration, but their performance remains limited. It is expected that more such units will be imported during the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan." Given the high cost—ranging from $5 million to $7 million—it is crucial to start exploring technology transfer or joint production as soon as possible. **Distributed Control System (DCS)** Petrochemical DCS systems are predominantly imported, with Yokogawa and Honeywell each holding about one-third of the market. Other major players include Foxboro, ABB, and Bailey. Although some domestic research has been conducted and applied in petrochemical plants with limited control loops, no further industrial development has taken place. Domestic DCS solutions are still far from meeting the needs of large-scale, complex systems. **Needed Policy Support** The design and manufacture of one-million-ton ethylene equipment represents a major technological challenge, with significant gaps compared to international standards. Without timely action, China may remain dependent on foreign suppliers for critical components. Over the past two decades, experience has shown that achieving localization requires either independent innovation or the successful adaptation and improvement of imported technology. Key measures include government support, clear localization goals, targeted tendering for major equipment development, financial incentives, tax benefits, and fostering collaboration among research, design, manufacturing, and end-user institutions. Additionally, users should be encouraged to support local equipment through preferential policies, including tax relief and risk compensation. Finally, standardizing technical policies in the petrochemical industry will help reduce barriers to innovation and promote long-term growth.

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