First, the car Jiangxi Copper ore processing tailings backfill empty area
The Chejiang Copper Mine is a copper-bearing sedimentary deposit with a generally stable layer. The ore-bearing rocks are fine-grained sandstone and powdery argillaceous rocks. The ore body has a dip angle of 8 to 12°, a thickness of 1 to 2 m, a strike length of 400 to 500 m, and a width of 300 to 350 m. The toughness coefficient of ore and surrounding rock is 5=5~7. Adopt a comprehensive method of mining. The nugget has a length of 30m and a slope of 50m. Generally, the top and bottom columns are not left. Irregular pillar diameter of 3 ~ 4m, artificial rock pillar and metal roof bolting out area. The mining area of ​​the deposit has been expanded, and the roof has sunk and sinks when the volume of the goaf reaches 440,000 m3 . There have been two large-scale rock movements in the No. 1 ore body goaf.
Because the ore body is buried shallow (20 ~ 88m), and close to the Xiangjiang River, the highest flood level of the Xiangjiang River can be higher than the lowest position of the deposit more than 120 meters; the surface of the mining area has high-voltage transmission lines and national highways passing through and not allowed to fall. To this end, the tailings are used to fill the empty area, and the two self-flowing and sand pumping methods are used.
Full system gravity: beneficiation plant tailings → ditches (7%) → slip from the piping (4.27%) → tailings dam (reservoir) into the sand tank → (6.28m 3) → → delivery pipe bore (ø102mm) → ore House moving hose → gob filling → permeate overflow → sedimentation tank → pump house → tail water → discharge to the surface. Its arrangement is shown in Figure 1.
Fig.1 Schematic diagram of the self-flow filling system of tailings in Chejiang Copper Mine
1-filled body; 2-low sand drilling; 3-well sand pool; 4- sand dam; 5-overflow ditch; 6-sedimentation tank; 7-loop;
8-working nugget; 9-rock column; 10-sand silo; 11-minggou; 12-pipe; 13-shaft; 14-pump;
The two filling systems are equipped with 8 boreholes, which are responsible for the filling of three ore bodies and a length of 3,500 m. The filling effect indicates that before the No. 1 ore body empty area is untreated, the roof caving area is 16,000 m 2 and the surface impact range is 26,800 m 2 . After filling the empty area, the surface is stable and the rice fields and fish ponds are restored to 12,000 m 2 .
   2. Pangushan tungsten ore waste rock filling and strip column processing empty area
The Pangushan tungsten deposit is a high-temperature gasification hydrothermal fissure-filled tungsten- rhenium deposit consisting of three groups of south, middle and north veins. Among them, the southern group is the largest, with 66 veins, with a length of 1350m, a depth of 800-1000m, an average pulse thickness of 0.35m, a dip angle of 85°, and a pulse group width of about 250-300m.
In 1967, when a 1.78 million m3 empty space was formed, a large range of rock mass movement occurred. Of the six stages, totaling more than 424 m, the walls of 373 ore blocks, which accounted for 56.7% of the total number of mined ore blocks, collapsed one after the other, destroying four mining stages. In this regard, in the densely-contained goaf of the southern group, the pillars are supported by the pillar support and the waste rock filling to maintain the stability of the wall between the veins, and the method is: the top and bottom columns and the column of the ore retaining rule In the 635m, 585m and other stages, the strip column with a width of 3~4m is reserved every 100~150m according to the direction of the exploration line; the empty area is filled with waste rock; the wall thickness of the empty section is increased as much as possible, according to the condition of the vein, in the mining Reasonably choose the location of the broken (upper or lower) position; the height of the top and bottom columns is designed according to the size of the mining frame; to maintain the continuity of the bottom column, the mining funnel is placed on one side of the roadway.
The range of support and filling treatment empty space is shown in Figure 2. By 1982, 94 mined ore blocks had been filled, and the filling rate of empty areas was 68% to 80%. The technical and economic indicators for filling were as follows:
Cumulative investment (ten thousand yuan) 251.02
Unit processing cost (yuan/ m3 )
Cost 9.13
Direct cost 7.68
Production capacity and productivity
Meter 3 / class 65
m 3 / work class 3.4
Figure 2 585m stage empty area treatment range of Pangushan tungsten mine
1-empty zone treatment range line; 2-band zone pillar
Practice shows that the goaf of the main section of the large subsidence area is filled, and the subsidence area is gradually compacted, so that the large-area damage and collapse of the wall is controlled, which shows that the rock mass settlement speed of the ground pressure section is slowed down. The amount of rock migration has decreased year by year, and the settlement of the main basalt veins and the bottom of the trap funnel have gradually stabilized.
   3. The red sand-filled copper mine tail tail filling area
The Hongtoushan copper deposit is a yellow iron -type brass deposit. The ore body is 550m long along the strike, with an inclination of 40-90° and an average horizontal thickness of 10-15m. The ore body is complex in shape and is often composed of tuning forks. The upper plate is a biotite gneiss , and the lower plate is a black mica horn gneiss. The ore firmness coefficient ƒ=10～12, the rock solidity coefficient ƒ=12～14, are very stable.
The mining method, the stage mining method, and the upward stratified tailings filling method are used for recovery. The recovery above -107m level has been completed. By July 1987, the total volume of the goaf has reached 3.8 million m3 , of which the empty area above 133m level is filled by the natural caving and overburden, and 81.3% below the 133m level. The empty area is filled with tailings and has a volume of 1,175,600 m3 (Fig. 3). A low-strength tailings cemented filler is used as a bottom column. Long-term observation by various monitoring methods, the total displacement of rock is only 0.5 ~ 3.0mm, which confirms the effective effect of filling on mitigating rock movement.
Figure 3 Hongtoushan copper mine tailings filling treatment empty area
1-1, 2 vein number; 2 - overburden filling; 3-tailing filling; 4-main well;
5-concentrated slip mine; 6-section auxiliary well; 7-two-stage auxiliary well; 8-hound projection
   4. Jinling Iron Mine waste rock or gravel hydraulic filling treatment empty area
The North Jinzhao North deposit in the Zhaokou mining area of ​​Jinling Iron Mine is a contact metasomatic skarn magnetite deposit. The ore body is placed on the contact belt and has a length of 1000m, an average thickness of 11.8m, a maximum of 48m and a dip angle of 45°. The upper part of the ore body is crystalline limestone or limestone, ƒ=8～10, the fracture is developed and the water is rich; the lower plate is diorite , ƒ=8～12; the direct bottom part is skarn, stable under waterless conditions. , ƒ = 3 ~ 8. Ore ƒ = 6 ~ 8.
The ore deposit is mining in the staged rock drilling stage. The parameters are: stage height 70m, section height 12~13m, length of 40~70m when the mine is arranged along the strike, and the column width is 6~10m; The mine is 16m wide and 9m wide, and the top and bottom columns are 8~9m high.
To protect the surface, the control surface does not exceed 800 - meter top plate 2 is exposed, the exposed area on the disc 2 is not more than 2500m, the volume of the empty area 2 to 50,000 m 3. After mining, fill the empty area with gravel hydraulic filling or waste rock with a blockiness of less than 50 mm (Fig. 4). From 1975 to 1985, a total of 480,300 m3 of filling space was filled, of which: gravel water was filled with 16 mined areas, accounting for 271,500 m3 , and waste rock was filled with 2.17 million m3 .
Figure 4 Vertical projection view of ore body mining in Zhaokou mining area of ​​Jinling Iron Mine
1-main well; 2-second well; 3-hydraulic filling pipeline; 4-column; 5- gravel filling; 6-waste filling
The gravel hydraulic filling system consists of a filling pool, a silo, a sanding chamber and a filling pipeline. The filling facility is designed close to the auxiliary shaft. The filling pipe diameter is sent to different goafs by the 110m horizontal return airway, the filling down the mountain, the filling horizontal pulse outer roadway and the branch roadway.
Before filling, the passage to the empty area was closed with a stone wall 0.5m thick. It is required that the filling empty top distance is not more than 0.5m. According to the actual measurement, the filling double line is 3.8, and the natural spraying height can reach 3.53m, which can meet the needs of the topping.
Practice has shown that the filling efficiency of the gravel hydraulic filling is high, the connection is easy, and the settlement rate of the filling body is small. Its main technical and economic indicators are as follows:
Number of indicators
Maximum filling capacity (m 3 /h) 200
Gravel particle size (mm) ≤ 50
Filling pipe diameter (mm) 180
Filling pipe diameter (mm) 250
Water-stone ratio 6:1
Filling double line 2~5
Ceiling height (m) 0.5
Filling water content (g/L) 13
Filling tube life: elbow (million meters 3 ) 0.5~2
Vertical tube (million meters 3 ) 10
Horizontal tube (million meters 3 ) 2~5
Empty area filling cost (yuan/ m3 ) 3.92
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