Small agricultural pumps are essential irrigation and drainage equipment used in rural areas for watering crops and preparing the soil for planting. During operation, these pumps may experience failures or damage, which can prevent them from functioning properly. Therefore, it is crucial to promptly repair and adjust the pump to resolve any issues and restore normal performance.
If the pump fails to start, the first step is to check the power supply. Ensure that all connections are secure, switches are tightly closed, and fuses are intact. Also, verify that the three-phase power supply is balanced. If there is an open circuit, poor contact, a blown fuse, or a missing phase, identify the cause and make necessary repairs. Next, inspect the pump itself for mechanical issues. Common problems include overly tight packing, debris between the impeller and pump casing, rusted shafts or bearings, and bent shafts. To fix these, loosen the packing, clear the flow channel, disassemble the pump to remove debris or rust, and either straighten or replace the shaft as needed.
Overheating of the electric motor can occur due to several reasons. First, electrical issues such as high or low voltage outside the acceptable range of +10% to -5% can cause overheating. Additionally, unbalanced three-phase voltages exceeding 5% or single-phase operation can lead to excessive heat. Single-phase operation is responsible for over 85% of motor failures in agriculture, so installing a phase-loss protection device is recommended. Second, improper pump selection or prolonged overload can also cause overheating. Frequent starts should be limited, and proper thermal protection should be installed based on the motor’s rated specifications. Third, internal motor issues like incorrect wiring (e.g., connecting a delta configuration as a star), short circuits in the windings, damaged squirrel cage rotors, or faulty ventilation systems can all contribute to overheating. Bearings that are worn out or misaligned can cause friction and increased temperature. Lastly, environmental factors such as high ambient temperatures, moisture, or dirt on the motor windings can reduce insulation and cause overheating. In such cases, the motor should be cleaned, dried, and the working environment improved if necessary.
It is important to note that electrical failures should only be handled by qualified electricians. Attempting repairs without proper knowledge can lead to serious accidents.
Pump overheating can also result from bearing damage, tight bearing gaps, misaligned shafts, overly tight belts, lack of lubrication, or blocked impeller balance holes. Solutions include replacing bearings, adjusting gaps, aligning shafts, adjusting belt tension, refilling clean lubricant, and clearing blockages.
Low flow can be caused by insufficient speed due to belt slippage, small blade angles in axial pumps, excessive pipe length or bends, partial blockages in the pipeline or impeller, or severe leakage. Remedies include restoring the correct speed, adjusting blade angles, shortening pipes, sealing leaks, clearing blockages, and replacing worn parts.
Poor water intake often occurs due to air in the pump, gas in the suction pipe, or improper valve closure. The vacuum pump packing may be leaking, or the gate valve may not be sealed properly. To address this, fill the pump with water before starting, check the check valve, and ensure all connections are tight. If there are leaks, apply oil or paint to the joints and tighten the screws. Replace severely worn seals and repair or replace leaking pipes.
Severe vibration in the pump is usually caused by rotor imbalance, faulty coupling, worn bearings, loose or broken rotating parts, or weak piping supports. These issues can be resolved through adjustment, repair, reinforcement, straightening, or replacement.
(Ma Xiangqin)
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